Year 7
Year 8
Cells
Overview
In the study of cell biology, students are introduced to the cell theory, which states that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms, and cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division. They learn about different types of microscopes and their use in observing cells, including the preparation of slides for microscopic examination. Plant and animal cells are explored, with a focus on their structures and functions. The advantages and limitations of light and electron microscopes are discussed. Students also learn about unicellular organisms and how they rely on diffusion for essential processes. The concept of stem cells and their ability to differentiate into specialized cell types is introduced, highlighting their significance in development and regeneration. The concept of specialized cells is explored, including examples of different types of cells and their unique adaptations to perform specific functions. These lessons provide a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental components and processes of cells, laying the groundwork for further studies in biology and related fields.
Building On
Students build on KS2 living organisms, how cell division is for growth and repair, and how microscopes are used to view cells.
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The immortal life of Henrietta Lacks
Particle Model and Matter
Overview
The lessons on states of matter introduce students to the three primary states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. They learn about the characteristics and properties of each state and how substances transition between them through changes of state, such as melting, boiling, and condensation. Melting and boiling curves illustrate the relationship between temperature and state changes for specific substances. Diffusion is explored as the process by which particles spread and mix in different states of matter. Density, a fundamental property of matter, is discussed, along with its calculation and significance in determining the relative heaviness or lightness of substances. Students also engage in investigations to explore and measure density, understanding its applications and how it influences the behavior of objects. These lessons provide a comprehensive understanding of the behavior and properties of matter in different states, laying the foundation for further studies in chemistry and related fields.
Building On
students build on KS2 learning about states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) and changing states (freezing and melting).
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Elements and Compounds
Overview
In the lessons on practical making compounds, students engage in hands-on activities to create chemical compounds and observe their properties and reactions. They learn about chemical symbols and formulae, which are used to represent elements and compounds in a concise and standardized manner. The development of the periodic table is explored, including the organization of elements based on their properties and the contributions of scientists to its development. The distinction between metals and non-metals is discussed, highlighting their characteristic properties and behavior. Basic atomic structure is introduced, including the arrangement of subatomic particles within an atom and their charges. The development of the atom is explored, tracing the historical advancements in understanding its structure and the contributions of scientists in this field. These lessons provide a foundation in understanding the building blocks of matter and the organization of elements, setting the stage for further studies in chemistry.
Building On
Students build on KS2 learning of basic concepts of matter and simple chemical reactions.
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Contact forces
Overview
The lessons on forces are essential for understanding how objects interact in the real world. They introduce different types of forces, teach how to represent them accurately, and explain the concepts of balanced and unbalanced forces. Measuring forces accurately is crucial for scientific investigations and practical applications. The lessons also cover the effects of drag and friction, as well as the deformation of materials under the influence of forces. Practical experiments on Hooke's Law help students understand the relationship between force and deformation. These lessons provide foundational knowledge for various fields, including engineering, physics, and materials science, and have practical applications in designing structures, predicting motion, and ensuring safety.
Building On
Students build on KS2 learning of basic forces (gravity, friction, push/pull) and their interaction in pairs.
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Energy stores
Overview
In this unit, students will explore the concept of energy, focusing on its sources, transfer, and utilization in everyday life. They will learn that food and fuel store energy, which can be released and harnessed for various purposes. By understanding the energy content of different food and fuel sources, students can make informed choices about their diet and energy consumption. Through practical experiments, they will measure the energy content of different foods, gaining insights into the importance of a balanced diet for maintaining energy levels. Understanding energy stores and transfers enables students to explain everyday examples of energy transformations and recognize the impact of energy choices on the environment. They will explore non-renewable energy resources, such as fossil fuels, and discuss the environmental implications associated with their use. Students will also learn about renewable energy sources and their benefits for sustainability. Analyzing fuel bills and discussing strategies for energy efficiency empowers students to make conscious decisions to reduce their energy usage and minimize costs. By evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of renewable and non-renewable energy sources, students can contribute to the conversation on transitioning to a more sustainable energy future. This knowledge is crucial in everyday life as it allows individuals to make informed choices about energy consumption, contribute to environmental sustainability, and shape a more sustainable future for generations to come.
Building On
Students build on KS2 learning of basic energy stores and energy types.
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The impact of war on the cost of energy.
Reproduction
Overview
Puberty and adolescence are explored as the transitional periods in human development characterized by physical, emotional, and social changes. The reproductive cells and the process of fertilization are introduced, highlighting the union of sperm and egg to form a zygote. The reproductive systems in both males and females are studied, including the structures and functions involved in the production and delivery of gametes. The menstrual cycle in females, including its phases and hormonal regulation, is explained. The concept of gestation and birth is covered, focusing on the development of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy. The impact of maternal lifestyle choices, such as drug use, on fetal development is discussed. Different animal species and their varying gestation periods are compared, and mathematical calculations relating to mass and gestation are explored. Plant reproduction is studied through the dissection of flowers, emphasizing the role of insect pollination in the transfer of pollen. The process of seed dispersal is investigated through a practical activity, demonstrating the various mechanisms by which plants ensure the spread of their offspring. These topics provide students with a comprehensive understanding of human and plant reproduction, highlighting the diversity and complexity of reproductive processes in living organisms.
Building On
Students build on KS2 learning on the basic structure of plant and animal cells, as well as the life cycles of organisms.
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Itch
Overview
Building On
Students build on KS3 knowledge of matter and chemical reactions as well as their understanding of the periodic table.
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Bluecoat bookcase fiction text Itch
Light
Overview
In the study of light, students will explore its properties and interactions with objects, gaining valuable knowledge applicable to everyday life. They will discover that light is a form of energy that travels in straight lines and can be reflected or absorbed by objects. By identifying different sources of light, such as the Sun and artificial light sources, students will develop an understanding of how light is produced. They will also learn about the behavior of transparent, translucent, and opaque objects when exposed to light. Reflection, where light bounces off a surface like a mirror, will be examined, along with practical examples like seeing one's reflection. Refraction, the bending of light when passing through materials like water or glass, will also be explored, with emphasis on how it affects vision and the use of lenses. Hands-on activities will enable students to investigate and understand the behavior of light during reflection and refraction, empowering them to predict and explain these phenomena. Furthermore, the unit will cover topics such as the anatomy of the eye, vision correction, pinhole cameras, color mixing, and the reflection and absorption of light by different surfaces. By comprehending these concepts, students will gain insight into their own vision health, appreciate the importance of light in photography and art, and make informed decisions regarding color choices and their visual impact. This knowledge of light's properties and interactions is crucial for understanding the world around us and engaging with various aspects of everyday life.
Building On
Students build on KS2 learning of light and waves, including how light travels in straight lines and behaves when reflected and refracted.
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Life Diversity
Overview
Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited and passed on from one generation to the next. It involves understanding the role of chromosomes, genes, and DNA in determining an organism's characteristics. The history of DNA discovery, including the contributions of scientists such as Watson, Crick, and Franklin, is explored. Variation between species and individuals is examined, highlighting the genetic differences that exist within populations. The inheritance of features from parents to offspring is studied, and investigations are conducted to explore variation in traits and their patterns of inheritance. Variation is recognized as a driving force behind natural selection and the process of evolution. Classification is introduced as a means to organize and categorize living organisms based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships. The concept of kingdoms is explored, with an emphasis on the diversity of life and the classification of organisms into different taxonomic groups. Finally, the importance of maintaining biodiversity is discussed, recognizing the value of species diversity and the need for conservation efforts to protect ecosystems and prevent species extinction. These topics provide a foundation for understanding the principles of genetics, evolution, and the interconnectedness of living organisms in maintaining the Earth's biodiversity.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge of living organisms and their characteristics and a basic understanding of inheritance.
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Collaboration in science.
Women in science.
Chemical reactions
Overview
In the lessons on chemical and physical changes, students explore the differences between these two types of transformations. They learn about chemical reactions, including combustion, and practice writing word equations to represent them. The principle of conservation of mass is introduced, emphasizing that the total mass of substances involved in a chemical reaction remains constant. The reactivity series is taught, allowing students to understand the relative reactivity of metals and their reactions with acids. Practical activities involving the reactivity series demonstrate the formation of bubbles as evidence of chemical reactions. Temperature changes in displacement reactions are investigated to understand the energy changes involved. Thermal decomposition and oxidation are discussed, highlighting the breakdown of substances through heat and the role of oxygen. Chemical tests, especially gas tests, are performed to identify specific gases produced during reactions. The properties of acids, alkalis, and indicators are studied, along with neutralization reactions and the pH scale. These lessons provide a solid foundation in chemical concepts and reactions, setting the stage for further exploration in chemistry.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge of matter and chemical reactions, as well as KS3 knowledge of states of matter physical or chemical changes.
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Greta Thunberg
rhetoric
Space
Overview
Studying our solar system and celestial bodies provides valuable insights into the universe and its impact on our daily lives. By identifying planets, understanding orbits, and recognizing Earth's unique characteristics, we gain a deeper appreciation for the diversity and complexity of our cosmic surroundings. Gravity's role in pulling objects and determining weight, along with the distinction between mass and weight, helps us grasp the effects of gravity on different celestial bodies. Recognizing stars as luminous gas spheres and comprehending their variations in size, brightness, and color expands our understanding of the vastness and beauty of the cosmos. Exploring galaxies and their diverse systems of stars reveals insights into the structure of the universe. Understanding Earth's tilt, rotation, and the resulting phenomena like day and night, seasons, and time zones, empowers us to navigate our daily lives and appreciate the cyclical nature of our planet. Overall, knowledge of the solar system enriches our perspective, fosters curiosity, and deepens our connection to the wider cosmos.
Building On
Students build on KS3 knowledge of light, developing understanding of how light travels in straight lines and how light is reflected and refracted.
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space race
space tourism
Tissues and Organs
Overview
The hierarchical organization of multicellular organisms, including the skeletal and muscular systems, plays a crucial role in everyday life. The skeletal system provides structural support, protects vital organs, and allows for movement and locomotion. The muscular system enables voluntary and involuntary movements, allowing us to perform daily activities. Practical activities, such as measuring the force exerted by different muscles, provide insights into muscle strength and function. Understanding nutrients and maintaining a healthy diet is essential for overall well-being, as it provides the necessary energy and nutrients for bodily functions. The digestive system, aided by enzymes and gut bacteria, ensures proper digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. Practical activities related to energy in food help understand the caloric content and energy value of different food items. Knowledge of deficiency diseases helps prevent and address nutritional deficiencies. The circulatory system ensures the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body, while the respiratory system facilitates the exchange of gases, supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of these systems and their importance contributes to maintaining a healthy lifestyle and optimal bodily functions.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge of a basic understanding of the human body and its systems. They learn about the structure and functions of organs such as the heart, lungs, and digestive system
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"Bluecoat bookcase fiction text Pig Heart Boy
Organ donation and changes in the law"
Pure and Impure Substances
Overview
In the study of pure substances, we explore the characteristics and properties of materials. One important aspect is understanding the "S" words, which refer to the states of matter, such as solids, liquids, and gases. Through hands-on activities like the Jelly Race Investigation, we can observe and analyze the behavior of substances in different states. Another important skill is the ability to separate mixtures into their pure components. This is achieved through techniques like filtering and crystallization, where impurities are removed to obtain pure substances like salt from rock salt. Distillation, both simple and fractional, is another method used to separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points. In the context of inky water, this technique can be demonstrated through practical experiments. Lastly, chromatography is a powerful tool for separating and analyzing different components of mixtures, such as inks. Understanding these techniques and concepts allows us to identify and work with pure substances, which has applications in various fields including chemistry, pharmaceuticals, and food science.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge of the properties of materials and the differences between mixtures and pure substances. They are introduced to the concept of filtration and the separation of materials based on their physical properties
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Energetics
Overview
Changes of state involve the transformation of a substance from one state to another, such as from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas. These transitions are accompanied by energy changes. For example, during melting or boiling, energy is absorbed from the surroundings, making these processes endothermic. In contrast, when a substance freezes or condenses, energy is released to the surroundings, making them exothermic reactions. Investigating exothermic reactions allows us to explore the energy changes involved and understand how different factors, such as the concentration of reactants or the use of catalysts, can affect the rate of these reactions. Practical experiments like the fuel burner investigation provide insights into the role of catalysts in facilitating chemical reactions, increasing their rate without being consumed in the process. Understanding these concepts is crucial in fields such as chemistry, energy production, and environmental science, where the study of energy changes and the use of catalysts play significant roles.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge of the three states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) and how substances can change state through heating or cooling. They also explore the concept of energy and its role in these changes.
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Magnetism
Overview
Understanding magnetism and its practical applications is crucial for everyday life. By identifying objects attracted to magnets and explaining their uses, we can appreciate how magnets are employed in various technologies and devices. Understanding the poles of a magnet and their interactions allows us to harness their attractive or repulsive forces for practical purposes. Solving real-life problems, such as separating materials using magnets, demonstrates the utility of magnetism in our daily tasks. Visualizing magnetic field lines and understanding their direction helps us comprehend the invisible forces at play. Recognizing Earth as a giant magnet and understanding its magnetic field's impact on compasses and navigation enables us to navigate accurately and find our way. Exploring electromagnets and their construction reveals their importance in numerous applications, from doorbells to cranes. Constructing and testing electromagnets enhances our knowledge and ability to design functional devices. Finally, comprehending the working principles of DC motors allows us to appreciate how electrical energy can be converted into mechanical motion, leading to innovations and advancements in various technologies. Overall, knowledge of magnetism and its applications enriches our understanding of the physical world and empowers us to utilize these principles in practical situations.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge students are introduced to basic concepts of magnets and their properties. In KS3, these concepts are expanded upon and students delve deeper into the properties of magnets, such as magnetic poles, attraction, and repulsion.
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Movement and Pressure
Overview
Understanding speed and relative motion is essential in everyday life. By knowing how to calculate speed using the distance-time relationship, we can assess the efficiency of travel and estimate arrival times. Recognizing the concept of relative motion allows us to understand how our perception of speed can be influenced by our frame of reference. Applying this knowledge helps us make informed decisions while driving, comparing speeds of different vehicles, or evaluating the efficiency of transportation systems. Conducting scientific investigations on factors that affect speed enhances our problem-solving skills and critical thinking abilities. Analyzing data and drawing conclusions from experiments on speed-related variables can lead to improvements in transportation, sports performance, or other practical applications. Understanding distance-time graphs enables us to interpret motion characteristics and make predictions about future movement. Additionally, knowledge of road safety measures and safe driving practices promotes responsible behavior and helps prevent accidents. Exploring levers, pivots, moments, and the center of mass provides insights into the functioning of everyday objects and structures, contributing to our understanding of mechanics and facilitating problem-solving in various fields. Overall, this information empowers individuals to make informed decisions, promotes safety, and fosters a deeper understanding of the physical world.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge of the basics of speed, distance, and simple movements. In KS3, they develop complex calculations involving speed, time, and distance, as well as exploring relative motion and factors influencing speed through practical activities.
New Knowledge
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Cultural Capital
Overview
Building On
New Knowledge
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Respiration and Photosynthesis
Overview
Understanding photosynthesis and the requirements of plants is vital for everyday life as it highlights the crucial role of plants in producing oxygen and capturing carbon dioxide, contributing to the balance of atmospheric gases. Testing for starch in a leaf demonstrates the process of photosynthesis and helps assess the health and productivity of plants. Knowledge of leaf structure and adaptations sheds light on how plants efficiently perform gas exchange and regulate water loss. Understanding lung function, gas exchange, and respiration is essential for maintaining healthy respiratory systems in humans. Factors affecting gas exchange, such as asthma, exercise, and smoking, highlight the importance of maintaining good respiratory health and making informed lifestyle choices.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge about the basic needs of plants, including sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. They also explore the KS3 knowledge of cell structure and functions of leaves.
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Earth Systems
Overview
Understanding the structure of the Earth is crucial for everyday life as it helps us comprehend the geological processes that shape our planet. Knowledge of weathering is essential for understanding how rocks and landscapes change over time, which impacts everything from construction projects to land erosion and soil quality for agriculture. Familiarity with different types of rocks, such as sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks, is valuable in various industries, including construction, mining, and gemology. The study of fossils, crude oil, and coal provides insights into Earth's history, energy resources, and even the origins of life. Understanding the Earth's atmosphere, greenhouse effect, and climate change is essential for addressing environmental challenges, making informed decisions about energy consumption, and advocating for sustainable practices. Lastly, comprehension of the carbon cycle helps us recognize the impact of human activities on carbon dioxide levels and promotes efforts to mitigate climate change. Overall, knowledge about Earth's processes and systems directly influences our daily lives and informs our actions for a sustainable future.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge about the basic structure of the Earth and its layers, as well as the rock cycle and the formation of different types of rocks. They also explore the concept of fossils and how they provide evidence of past life on Earth.
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Sound & Waves
Overview
Understanding waves, both transverse and longitudinal, is crucial in everyday life. It allows us to comprehend phenomena like light, sound, and electromagnetic radiation. The concepts of superposition and interference help us optimize communication and improve sound quality. Knowledge of reflection is important in designing surfaces and soundproofing. Differentiating between transverse and longitudinal waves, especially in sound, aids in music, engineering, and diagnostics. Understanding volume and pitch enables us to manipulate and control sound for various applications. Exploring the human ear helps in developing hearing aids and creating immersive audio experiences. Studying the range of frequencies expands wildlife research and medical imaging. Finally, understanding echoes aids in acoustic design and sound effects.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge about basic wave properties, such as wavelength and frequency. In KS3, they delve deeper into wave behavior, studying transverse waves, superposition, and reflection.
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Interdependence
Overview
Understanding food chains and webs, as well as the concept of interdependence, is crucial for understanding the complex relationships and dependencies in ecosystems. It highlights the importance of maintaining a balanced and diverse environment to ensure the survival of various species. Insect pollination plays a vital role in the production of many fruits, vegetables, and crops, contributing to food production and agricultural sustainability. Understanding the impacts of fertilizers and eutrophication helps us make informed choices to minimize environmental damage and maintain water quality. Awareness of pesticides and bioaccumulation highlights the potential risks to human health and the environment, promoting responsible and sustainable agricultural practices.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge about basic food chains and the concept of producers, consumers, and decomposers in an ecosystem. They explore the interdependence of organisms within a habitat and understand the importance of maintaining a balance in the natural world.
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Environmental Chemistry
Overview
The extraction of resources, such as minerals, fossil fuels, and metals, is vital for everyday life as these resources are used in various industries to manufacture goods, generate energy, and build infrastructure. Responsible and sustainable resource extraction ensures the availability of raw materials for future generations. Using resources efficiently and effectively is crucial to minimize waste and environmental impact. The principles of the 3R's (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) help conserve resources, reduce pollution, and manage waste. Access to potable water, which is safe for drinking and daily use, is essential for human health and hygiene. Understanding and practicing water purification methods, as demonstrated in practical experiments, ensure the availability of clean and safe drinking water. Awareness of air pollution and its various pollutants, as well as water pollution and the use of indicator species, helps protect the environment, human health, and ecosystems. Investigating the effects of acid rain on cress plants raises awareness about the detrimental impact of air pollution on vegetation and the importance of mitigating air pollutants. Overall, knowledge and actions related to resource extraction, resource utilization, waste management, water quality, and pollution control directly impact our well-being and the sustainability of our planet.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge of the importance of natural resources and basic concepts of recycling and water conservation, as well as building on KS3 knowledge of chemical reactions.
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Simple Circuits
Overview
Understanding electric charge, current, and circuits is essential in everyday life as electricity powers numerous aspects of modern society. It enables the functioning of electronic devices, lighting systems, transportation, and communication networks. Knowledge of conductors and insulators helps ensure the safe and efficient use of electrical systems. Understanding static electricity helps explain natural phenomena and prevent accidents. Concepts like potential difference and resistance are fundamental in designing and optimizing electrical circuits, ensuring the appropriate flow of current and preventing damage to components. By studying these principles and conducting experiments, we can enhance our technological capabilities, promote energy efficiency, and ensure electrical safety in our daily lives.
Building On
Students build on KS2 knowledge about basic electrical concepts such as circuits and conductors.
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Cell Biology
Overview
The understanding of animal and plant cells, as well as the use of microscopy and magnification, has profound real-world implications. These cells serve as the fundamental units of life and studying their structure and function is crucial in fields such as medicine, biology, and biotechnology. Microscopy techniques, including light and electron microscopy, enable scientists to observe and analyze cells in detail, aiding in disease diagnosis, tissue engineering, and material science. Magnification plays a vital role in examining cells, microorganisms, and materials at the microscopic level, with applications in forensic science, research laboratories, and quality control. Educational activities like the required practical on microscopes provide students with valuable hands-on experience that can be applied in research, medical diagnostics, and various industries. Overall, the study of cells, microscopy, and magnification contributes to advancements in science, medicine, and technology, impacting numerous aspects of our daily lives.
Building On
Students build on KS3 knowledge of cell structure of plant and animal cells developing a deeper understanding of the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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How Cells Work
Overview
Cell specialisation and differentiation are essential processes that occur during development, allowing cells to acquire specific structures and functions. This specialization enables cells to form various tissues and organs in the body, contributing to overall organism function. Stem cells play a crucial role in this process, as they have the unique ability to differentiate into different cell types. Their potential for tissue regeneration and medical treatments has sparked interest in the scientific community, but ethical considerations surrounding their use remain. Mitosis and the cell cycle are fundamental processes in cell division, ensuring the growth, repair, and reproduction of cells. Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport are mechanisms by which substances are transported across cell membranes, maintaining cellular homeostasis. These processes are vital for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products in living organisms. Practical activities, such as the required practical on osmosis, provide hands-on experience in understanding how substances move across membranes. Understanding cell specialization, stem cells, cell division, and cellular transport processes enhances our knowledge of how living organisms function and can have applications in medicine, tissue engineering, and biotechnology.
Building On
Students build on KS3 knowledge of cell structure and function inclusing the process of diffusion and osmosis.
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Atomic Structure
Overview
Elements, compounds, and mixtures are foundational concepts in chemistry that have direct applications in our everyday lives. Elements are the building blocks of matter, and their symbols are used in various contexts, such as in the periodic table or on product labels. Compounds, which result from the combination of elements, are the basis for numerous substances we encounter, including water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Mixtures are present in many products and materials, such as air, which is a mixture of gases. Filtration, an important separation technique, is employed in various industries and processes, including water treatment plants, where it helps remove impurities. Distillation is used in the production of alcoholic beverages and the purification of petroleum products. Chromatography finds applications in forensics, drug testing, and quality control of food and pharmaceutical products. Understanding atomic structure and isotopes is essential in fields like nuclear energy, radiology, and archaeological dating methods. These concepts and techniques provide the foundation for countless real-world applications and contribute to our understanding of the world around us.
Building On
Students build on KS3 knowledge of chemical compounds and atomic structure, delveloping the understanding of the scientists involved in their discovery.
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Heating
Overview
In this unit, students will learn about heat, temperature, the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, and the transfer of energy through conduction, convection, and radiation. They will also explore the changes of state and the role of insulators in reducing energy transfer. This knowledge is important to everyday life as it helps us understand how heat and energy behave and how they affect various materials and substances. It enables us to make informed decisions about insulation, energy usage, and efficiency in our homes, workplaces, and transportation systems. Understanding heat and energy transfer also helps us comprehend weather patterns, climate change, and the functioning of everyday devices like refrigerators, heaters, and air conditioners. By applying this knowledge, we can optimize energy usage, reduce costs, and contribute to a more sustainable future.
Building On
Students build on KS2, knowledge of the basic concepts of heat and temperature. In KS3, they delve deeper into these topics, exploring the particle model of matter and its application to changes of state and internal energy. They learn about conduction, convection, and radiation as different mechanisms of heat transfer and discover how insulating materials can reduce heat transfer.
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The Periodic Table
Overview
The development of the periodic table is a significant milestone in chemistry and has revolutionized our understanding of elements and their properties. The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and chemical properties. It provides a systematic way to study and predict the behavior of elements. Metals and non-metals are two broad categories of elements. Metals, such as iron and copper, exhibit properties like high conductivity, malleability, and luster, making them essential in industries like construction and electronics. Non-metals, like oxygen and carbon, have properties like low conductivity and brittleness. Transition metals, which are found in the middle of the periodic table, have unique properties, such as variable oxidation states and the ability to form colorful compounds. They are widely used in catalysts, alloys, and magnetic materials. Understanding the properties and trends of metals, non-metals, and transition metals helps in various applications, from designing materials to understanding chemical reactions.
Building On
Students build on KS3 knowledge of basic concepts of elements and their properties as well as the structure of the periodic table and its development.
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Organisation 1
Overview
The principles of organization in biology involve understanding the size and scale of cells, which are the basic building blocks of life. Enzymes are crucial biological catalysts that facilitate biochemical reactions in cells. Factors such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration can affect enzyme activity. Enzymes play a vital role in the digestive system, where they break down complex molecules into smaller ones for absorption. Investigating enzyme activity through practical experiments, such as the RPA on pH or temperature, helps us understand the factors that influence enzyme function. Food tests allow us to identify the presence of specific nutrients in various food samples. Plant tissues have specialized structures and functions, contributing to plant growth and development. Transpiration, the loss of water vapor through plant leaves, is an essential process for water uptake and nutrient transport. Factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity can influence transpiration rates, which can be measured using a potometer. The distribution of stomata, tiny openings on plant leaves, can be investigated to understand their relationship with leaf area and the use of microscopes to observe their structure. Understanding these principles provides insights into the organization and functioning of living organisms.
Building On
Students build on KS3 knowledge about basic cell structure and function, the hierarchy of organisation with tissues being made of cells, as well as the role of enzymes in biological reactions.
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Organisation 2
Overview
The blood is a vital component of the circulatory system, carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. The blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, form a network that transports blood to and from different organs and tissues. Understanding the structure of the heart, which includes chambers, valves, and blood vessels, helps us comprehend its role in pumping and circulating blood. Heart dissection provides a hands-on experience to explore the anatomy and function of this important organ. Problems with the heart, such as coronary heart disease (CHD), can lead to cardiovascular complications. The lungs play a crucial role in gas exchange, where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is eliminated. Non-communicable diseases, including cancers, are medical conditions that cannot be transmitted from person to person and often have complex causes. Studying risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases involves data handling and analysis to identify patterns and correlations. By studying these topics, we gain insight into the complexities of the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and the impact of non-communicable diseases on human health.
Building On
Students build on KS3 knowledge of the basic concepts of human anatomy and physiology, including the circulatory system and the structure of the heart.
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Particle Model
Overview
Pressure and temperature are important concepts that have practical applications in various real-world scenarios. In industries such as manufacturing and engineering, understanding the behavior of gases under different pressures is essential for designing and operating systems like boilers, pressure vessels, and pneumatic systems. For example, in the automotive industry, knowledge of gas pressure is crucial for the proper functioning of the engine's combustion process. Additionally, understanding the density of materials is relevant in fields like construction, where engineers need to consider the weight and stability of structures. Specific heat capacity is relevant in many fields, such as cooking, where knowledge of heat transfer helps determine cooking times and temperatures. It is also essential in designing heating and cooling systems for buildings to ensure energy efficiency. The study of pressure, temperature, density, and specific heat capacity provides a foundation for understanding and solving practical problems in various industries and everyday life.
Building On
Students build on KS3 knowledge of temperature and density in gases and the use of equations related to these concepts.
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Electricity
Overview
Understanding concepts related to static electricity, electric fields, circuit symbols, and components is essential for our daily lives. These concepts are the building blocks of modern technology and enable us to navigate and troubleshoot electronic devices. Knowledge of potential difference, resistance, and series/parallel configurations allows us to effectively use and control electrical energy, ensuring the safe and efficient operation of electrical systems in our homes and workplaces. Additionally, understanding components like resistors, bulbs, diodes, thermistors, and LDRs empowers us to make informed choices when selecting and utilizing electronic devices. Power equations and efficiency considerations help us manage energy consumption and make sustainable decisions. Moreover, knowledge of mains electricity, the national grid, and transformers ensures the reliable distribution of electricity, powering our homes, businesses, and industries. Overall, these concepts are crucial for harnessing electricity and utilizing it in our everyday activities, from powering our devices to lighting our homes.
Building On
Students build on KS3 knowledge of basic concepts of static electricity and electric fields.
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Building On
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Group Reactions 0, 1 & 7
Overview
Group 1 elements, also known as alkali metals, are crucial in various real-world applications. They are highly reactive and have properties that make them valuable in different industries. For example, lithium, a Group 1 element, is used in batteries for electronic devices and electric vehicles. Sodium and potassium, other alkali metals, are essential for maintaining proper nerve and muscle function in our bodies. They are also used in food preservation and as electrolytes in sports drinks. On the other hand, Group 7 elements, known as halogens, have significant applications in areas such as disinfection and water treatment. Chlorine, a halogen, is commonly used in swimming pools to kill bacteria and maintain water cleanliness. Halogens like iodine find use in medical disinfectants and antiseptics. Understanding the properties and reactivity of alkali metals and halogens is crucial for their safe handling and effective utilization in various practical and real-world contexts.
Building On
Students build on KS3 knowledge of the basic concepts of elements and their properties and chemical reactions.
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Structure and Bonding
Overview
Ions are charged particles formed through electron gain or loss, playing a vital role in chemical bonding. Metallic bonding occurs in metals, where positive metal ions are held together by a sea of delocalized electrons. Alloys, such as steel, exhibit improved strength and corrosion resistance due to their composition. Ionic bonding involves electron transfer, resulting in the formation of stable compounds with high melting points and conductivity when dissolved. Covalent bonding occurs through electron sharing, forming small molecules with distinct properties like water and carbon dioxide. Polymers, large molecules composed of repeating units, have diverse applications in plastics. Giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite exhibit unique properties. Identifying substances is crucial for fields like forensics. Nanoparticles, with unique properties at the nanoscale, find applications in various fields like medicine and electronics.
Building On
Students build on KS3 knowledge of the concept of atoms and chemical bonding, reactions and the periodic table.
